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About Me
- Prof. Lignelli
- I am a University Professor of ESL at Howard Community and Montgomery College. I often teach at Anne Arundel Community from time to time as well. I have taught various levels of English from Elementary to University. I have a MA in TESL from Inter American University of Puerto Rico. I look forward to seeing each and everyone of you in my class!!
One of the great things about learning Spanish or English is that many words have the same roots in the Romance languages and English. However, there are also a great many falsos amigos, or false cognates, which look similar but are in fact very different. This is one of the biggest pitfalls for students of Spanish. There are also semi-false cognates: words that can only sometimes be translated by the similar word in the other language.
ReplyDeleteRevolver vs Revolver
ReplyDeleteRevolver is a verb: to move around, turn over, revolve, or disturb.
Revolver is a noun: un revólver (that accent is important!)
Ropa vs Rope
Ropa means clothing.
Rope = una cuerda or una soga.
Salario vs Salary
Salario refers to hourly wages, while
Salary indicates fixed earnings per month or year: el sueldo.
Sano vs Sane
Sano = healthy, fit, or intact.
Sane means cuerdo, sensato, or de juicio sano.
Sensible vs Sensible
Sensible = sensitive or regrettable.
Sensible means juicioso, sensato, or prudente.
Simple vs Simple
Simple can nearly always be translated by simple: when it means foolish, not compound, etc.
Simple, however, is translated as sencillo when it means unadorned or uncomplicated.
Sobre vs Sober
Sobre is either a noun: envelope or a preposition: on, above, over.
Sober means sobrio or sereno.
Sopa vs Soap
Sopa refers to soup or, informally, a hangover, while
Soap is jabón.
Soportar vs Support
Soportar means to bear, carry, support, hold up, or withstand.
Support as a verb is usually translated by apoyar, sostener, or mantener.
Suceder vs Succeed
Suceder means to happen or to follow, come next.
Succeed = tener éxito, triunfar.
Suceso vs Success
Suceso is an event, incident, happening, or outcome.
Success refers to un éxito or triunfo.
Tipo vs Type
Tipo means type/kind as well as guy or bloke.
Type = tipo or clase. To type = escribir a máquina.
Trampa vs Tramp
Trampa indicates a trap.
Tramp is a un vagabundo or una zorra.
Tratar vs Treat
Tratar means to treat or handle; to deal with, be about, have to do with; or to address.
Treat as a verb means tratar, invitar, curar, or discutir.
Tuna vs Tuna
Tuna has a range of meanings: prickly pear, a student music group, the life of a rogue, and, in Central America, drunkenness.
Tuna = el atún.
Últimamente vs Ultimately
Últimamente means lastly, finally, as a last resort, or lately.
Ultimately = por último, al final, a la larga, en el fondo.
Último vs Ultimate
Último means final or last.
Ultimate has several meanings: the best - definitivo, the most important/essential - fundamental, esencial; the latest - último grito.
Vaso vs Vase
Vaso is a glass or tumbler.
Vase indicates un florero or jarrón
Once vs Once
ReplyDeleteOnce is eleven in Spanish.
Once = una vez.
Ordinario vs Ordinary
Ordinario can mean ordinary as well as common or coarse (in reference to a person) and fine or ok, in answer to ¿Cómo estás?
Ordinary = normal or corriente.
Pan vs Pan
Pan = bread
Pan is una cazuela, cacerola, olla, or sartén.
Papa/Papá vs Papa
Papa means potato when it's feminine and Pope when it's masculine. Papá is equivalent to papa or dad in English.
Papa = papá.
Pariente vs Parent
Pariente is any relative
Parent = el padre or la madre only.
Patrón vs Patron
Patrón can indicate a boss or owner as well as a pattern or standard.
Patron = patrocinador or cliente.
Plagio vs Plague
Plagio is plagiarism.
Plague refers to la peste, la plaga, or el fastidio.
Prácticamente vs Practically
Prácticamente should not be used to mean almost; it means practically in the sense of "in a practical way" or "in practical terms."
Practically = casi.
Preciso vs Precise
Preciso can mean precise, correct, or necessary.
Precise = preciso or exacto.
Presente vs Present
Presente = present when talking about time or presence.
Present meaning "gift" is un regalo.
Preservativo vs Preservative
Preservativo indicates a condom.
Preservative is un conservador.
Pretender vs Pretend
Pretender means to claim: Ella pretende ser rica - She claims to be rich.
Pretend is translated by fingir or simular.
Privado vs Private
Privado means private as in exclusive (such as a school or club).
Private is fairly general - it's basically the opposite of public and can be translated by privado, personal, secreto, íntimo, or particular.
Procurar vs Procure
Procurar rarely means to procure; the more common translations by far are to try and to manage (to do something).
Procure = obtener, conseguir.
Quitar vs Quit
Quitar means to take away, remove, or get rid of.
Quit = dejar, abandonar, salir de. To quit one's job: abandonar su puesto, dimitir.
Raro vs Rare
Raro can mean rare, but more commonly means odd or strange.
Rare = poco común or excepcional.
Real vs Real
Real can mean real as well as royal.
Real means verdadero, auténtico, or legítimo.
Realizar vs Realize
Realizar means to realize only in the sense of to make real, to attain, or to fulfill.
Realize can mean realizar as well as darse cuenta de, comprender, and reconocer.
Receta vs Receipt
Receta = recipe or prescription.
Receipt = un recibo.
Recolección vs Recollection
Recolección is a collection, harvest, or summary.
Recollection is el recuerdo or la memoria.
Recordar vs Record
Recordar means to remember, recall, or remind.
Record is equivalent to registrar, inscribir, or grabar.
Red vs Red
Red refers to a network.
Red is the color rojo.
Relativo vs Relative
Relativo has the same meaning as an adjective, but as a noun it is used only in linguistics.
Relative as a noun = pariente or familiar.
Restar vs Rest
Rester means to take away or subtract, to not give much, to remain or be left or, in sports, to return.
Rest as a verb = descansar or apoyar.
Letra vs Letter
ReplyDeleteLetra refers only to a letter of the alphabet.
Letter is un letra (of the alphabet) or una carta (that you write to a friend).
Librería/Librero vs Library
Librería is a bookstore, while librero refers to a bookseller or bookcase.
Library refers to una biblioteca.
Lujuria vs Luxury
Lujuria = lust, lewdness, excess.
Luxury = el lujo.
Mama vs Mama
Mama refers to a breast.
Mama = mamá (see how important an accent can be?)
Mango vs Mango
Mango can mean mango the fruit as well as a handle (as of a knife).
Mango = mango.
Marca/Marco vs Mark
Marca is a mark (as in a spot or line) as well as a brand, make, or label. In sports, una marca is a record or best time. Un marco is a (picture) frame, goal, setting, or framework.
Mark can be translated by una mancha or una señal.
Masa vs Mass
Masa can mean mass (in terms of people and volume), as well as dough.
Mass in reference to church is la misa.
Matar vs Mate
Matar means to kill.
Mate = as a noun is un macho / una hembra for animals, un compañero / una compañera for people. To mate means aparear or unir.
Mayor vs Mayor
Mayor as an adjective means main, major, larger, older. As a noun is means chief, boss, superior, adult, or ancestor.
Mayor = el alcalde or la alcadesa.
Minorista vs Minority
Minorista is a Caribbean and South American word for retail or retail seller.
Minority = la minoría or, as an adjective, minoritario.
Molestar vs Molest
Molestar means to annoy or bother.
Molest = acosar sexualmente.
Motivo vs Motive
Motivo isn't necessarily the same thing as motive (which tends to have a negative connotation, like "motive for the murder"); it's more like reason or cause.
Motive = móvil, motivos, or intención.
Natural vs Natural
Natural as an adjective means natural, fresh (with fruit), and illegimate (with children). As a noun it means nature or native.
Natural can be translated by natural, normal, innato, or biológico (with family members).
Negocio vs Negotiation
Negocio refers to a business, deal, or transaction.
Negotiation is una negociación
Nombre vs Number
Nombre means name or noun.
Number is un número.
Noticia vs Notice
Noticia is a news item or piece of news. Noticias means news or information.
Ocasión vs Occasion
Ocasión is usually a chance or opportunity. It can also mean cause or reason, and in Latin American it refers to a bargain.
Occasion refers to una vez, una oportunidad, un acontecimiento, una razón, or un motivo.
Oculto vs Occult
Oculto can mean hidden, concealed, or secret, as well as occult.
Occult = oculto or misterioso.
Oficial vs Official
Oficial as an adjective is the same as in English. As a noun, it refers to a military officer or a skilled worker.
Official as a noun is un funcionario.
Oficio vs Office
Oficio = trade or function, religious service/mass, or an official letter.
Office is una oficina, un despacho.
Grabar vs Grab
ReplyDeleteGrabar is to engrave, record, or impress.
Grab means asir, coger, or arrebatar.
Gracioso vs Gracious
Gracioso means funny or cute.
Gracious = gentil, cortés, or refinado.
Grosería vs Grocery Store
Grosería seems to follow the -ía pattern on most Spanish words for stores, but in fact it refers only to rudeness, crudeness, or vulgarity.
Grocery Store = tienda de abarrotes/comestibles, bodega, or abacería, depending on what country you're in.
Honesto vs Honest
Honesto means sincere, honorable, or decent.
Honest = sincero, franco, or honrado.
Humor vs Humor
Humor means mood or humor.
Humor refers to gracia or humor. Sense of humor = sentido del humor.
Idioma vs Idiom
Idioma refers to a language.
Idiom = idiotosmo, modismo, or lenguaje.
Ignorar vs Ignore
Ignorar means to not know or to be unaware of.
Ignore means no hacer caso de, desatender, or dejar a un lado.
Insulto vs Insult
Insulto means insult in most places, but in Mexico it can also refer to indigestion or a stomachache.
Insult = insulto.
Introducir vs Introduce
Introducir is a semi-false cognate. It means to introduce only in the context of introducing a topic.
Introduce can mean to introduce a topic or a person. The latter is translated by presentar in Spanish.
Jubilación vs Jubilation
Jubilación refers to retirement: both the act of retiring and a pension.
Jubilation = júbilo.
Labor vs Labor
Labor can mean any kind of work: paid work, chores, needlework, etc.
Labor refers to trabajo (the actual work) or la mano de obra (the workers).
Largo vs Large
Largo means long, generous, or abundant.
Large = grande or importante.
Lectura vs Lecture
Lectura refers to the act of reading or reading material.
Lecture = una conferencia, una explicación, or un sermoneo.
Educación vs Education
ReplyDeleteEducación has a broader meaning than education. The Spanish word's best translation is upbringing, which includes both school education as well as what a child learns at home.
Education is best translated by formación or enseñanza.
Educado vs Educated
Educado means well-mannered, polite, or cultivated, from the verb educar - to raise, bring up, rear.
Educated is from the verb to educate: formar or instruir.
Efectivo vs Effective
Efectivo means real or actual. En efectivo means in cash. Efectivos are military forces or (police) officers.
Effective = eficaz.
Elevador vs Elevator
Elevador means elevator only in Mexico, though un elevador de granos is a grain elevator anywhere.
Elevator = un ascensor.
Embarazada vs Embarrassed
Embarazada means pregnant. It can also be a noun: una embarazada = a pregnant woman, an expectant mother.
Embarrassed is avergonzado, molesto, or incómodo.
(anecdote about embarazada)
Emocionante vs Emotional
Emocionante means exciting, thrilling, or moving.
Emotional indicates something that is afectivo, emocional, or emotivo, or someone that is sentimental.
Eventual vs Eventual
Eventual means fortuitous, possible, or temporary.
Eventual = final, definitivo, consiguiente.
Excitar vs Excite
Excitar means to excite sexually.
Excite when talking about something you're looking forward to is entusiasmar or provocar.
Éxito vs Exit
Éxito means success: a gran éxito - very successful.
Exit is una salida.
Fábrica vs Fabric
Fábrica is a factory, plant, or mill.
Fabric is el tejido or la tela.
Factoría vs Factory
Factoría can mean a factory (in some Spanish-speaking countries), but is more commonly a trading post.
Factory = una fábrica.
Facultad vs Faculty
Facultad refers to mental faculty, power or ability, or a university department.
Faculty in reference to a group of teachers is el profesorado.
Falta vs Fault
Falta is a lack, want, need, absence, shortage, failure, or shortcoming.
A fault (imperfection) is un defecto, un desperfecto, or una imperfección. Fault (blame) is la culpa.
Familiar vs Familiar
Familiar as an adjective means family, familiar, domestic, informal, plain, or colloquial. As a noun it refers to a relative or close friend.
Familiar is only an adjective: familiar, conocido, común, familiarizado, íntimo.
Fastidioso vs Fastidious
Fastidioso means annoying or boring. It can mean fastidious in Latin America.
Fastidious means escrupuloso.
Firma vs Firm
Firma can refer to a firm, but more commonly means a signature.
Firm as an adjective means firme, sólido, duro, seguro. As a noun, it can be translated by una firma or una empresa.
Fiscal vs Fiscal
Fiscal means fiscal or tax-related as an adjective. As a noun, however, it refers to a district attorney or public prosecutor.
Fiscal = fiscal.
Formal vs Formal
Formal means reliable, dependable, responsible, or serious.
Formal means solemne, correcto, oficial, or, when referring to clothing, de etiqueta.
Fracaso vs Fracas
Fracaso is a failure or disaster.
Fracas is une gresca or una reyerta.
Fútbol vs Football
Fútbol refers to soccer (in American English).
Football = el fútbol americano.
Fútil vs Futile
Fútil means trivial, while
Futile means inútil, vano, or infructuoso.
Constipación vs Constipation
ReplyDeleteConstipación and its synonym constipado both refer to a cold or catarrh.
Constipation = el estreñimiento.
Contestar vs Contest
Contestar means to answer or reply.
Contest as a verb means impugnar, atacar, disputar, or contender.
Conveniente vs Convenient
Conveniente means suitable, fitting, proper, useful, or advantageous.
Convenient means cómodo, práctico, útil, or accesible.
Copa vs Cup
Copa = a glass or goblet, an alcoholic drink, a trophy (la Copa del Mundo - World Cup).
Cup = una taza.
Copia vs Copy
Copia is a photopcopy or other duplicate.
Copy can also mean un ejemplar (of a book) or un número (of a magazine).
Coraje vs Courage
Coraje can mean courage as well as anger.
Courage can be translated by el coraje as well as el valor, la valentía, los ánimos, and las fuerzas.
Corresponder vs Correspond
Corresponder means things like to correspond, tally, fit in, match, or belong.
Correspond translates to corresponder only in the sense of agreeing with or matching (e.g., this corresponds with our thoughts). When referring to a correspondence by mail, the Spanish translation is escribirse or estar en correspondencia con.
Cuestión vs Question
Cuestión is a matter/issue/question to be resolved.
Question is translated by cuestión when referring to an issue, or una pregunta when asking a question.
Culto vs Cult
Culto can refer to a religious sect or to a religious service. As an adjective, it means cultured or refined.
Cult = una secta.
Damnificado vs Damned
Damnificado = victim, from the verb damnificar - to injure, harm, damage.
Damned means condenado or maldito.
Decepción/Decepcionar vs Deception/Deceive
Decepción = disappointment. Decepcionar = to disappoint.
Deception = un engaño, un fraude. To deceive = engañar, defraudar.
Defraudar vs Defraud
Defraudar can mean to defraud or cheat as well as to disappoint or let down.
Defraud means estafar or defraudar.
Delito vs Delight
Delito refers to a crime, offence, or misdeed.
Delight = el placer, el deleite, el encanto, or la delicia. To delight = encantar or deleitar.
Departamento vs Department
Departamento means department, section; office; compartment; province; or apartment.
Department = departamento, sección, ministerio.
Desgracia vs Disgrace
Desgracia means misfortune, mishap, accident, setback, or bad luck.
Disgrace refers to la deshonra or ignominia.
Deshonesto vs Dishonest
Deshonesto means indecent or lewd. It means dishonest only in the sense of untrustworthy, not in the sense of not telling the truth.
Dishonest = poco honrado, fraudulento.
Despertar vs Desperate
Despertar means to wake up, both figuratively and literally, and requires a direct object. To say "I'm waking up" in the sense of getting out of bed, you need to use the reflexive form, despertarse.
Desperate = desesperado.
Destituido vs Destitute
Destituido means devoid of or lacking.
Destitute = indigente, desamparado, necesitado, or en la miseria.
Disco vs Disco
Disco is a semi-false cognate. Aside from disco, it has numerous translations: disk, discus, traffic-light, or (audio) record.
Disco = disco, discoteca, or sala de baile.
Discutir vs Discuss
Discutir is stronger than discuss; more like debate or argue.
Discuss = hablar de, tratar de, comentar.
Disgusto vs Disgust
Disgusto is not as strong as disgust; it means annoyance, displeasure, grief, or trouble.
Disgust refers to repugnancia or aversión.
Echar vs Echo
Echar has numerous meanings, including to throw, to put, to pour, to give, to cut, and to push.
Echo means resonar, repetir, or hacer eco.
Editor vs Editor
Editor is an adjective: publishing, and a noun: publisher or editor.
Editor can be translated by editor, director, or redactor.
Bufete vs Buffet
ReplyDeleteBufete is a desk or a lawyer's office.
Buffet refers to una cantina, un buffet libre, or una comida buffet.
Cámara vs Camera
Cámara can mean a camera, a camera operator, or a chamber.
Camera usually refers to a still camera: una cámara, una máquina fotográfica.
Campo vs Camp
Campo means country(side), field, or farm.
Camp refers to un campamento.
Cargo vs Cargo
Cargo refers to a post or position as well as a charge in all senses: hacerse cargo de - to take charge, sin cargo - free of charge, retirar los cargos contra - to drop the charges against.
Cargo = cargamento, carga.
Carpeta vs Carpet
Carpeta = folder, file, portfolio, briefcase, or table cloth.
Carpet is una alfombra or una moqueta.
Carrera vs Career
Carrera can refer to any of the following: running, race; a row or line; a beam, girder, or joist; route, ride, journey, course; avenue; career; or university studies.
Career indicates una carrera profesional or una profesión.
Carta vs Cart/Card
Carta refers to a (postal) letter, document, deed, charter, map, or menu.
Cart is un carro, una carreta, un carretón, or una carretilla. A card is usually una tarjeta.
Chocar vs Choke
Chocar normally means to shock or startle, but can also mean to clink (glasses) or to shake (hands).
Choke = sofocarse or atragantarse.
Colegio vs College
Colegio refers to a high school, usually private.
College can be translated by colegio only when it refers to "colleges" as in divisions of a school. Otherwise, college = universidad or escuela superior.
Colorado vs Colored
Colorado means red or reddish.
Colored = de color.
Complexión vs Complexion
Complexión refers to one's constitution, make-up, temperament, or physical build.
Complexion = la tez, el cutiz, or la piel.
Compromiso vs Compromise
Compromiso is an obligation, commitment, promise, or agreement.
Compromise as a noun can be expressed as una transacción, una avenencia, unas concesiones recíprocas, el término medio, or la solución intermedia. The verb is comprometer or transigir.
Conductor vs Conductor
Conductor equals conductor when referring to science: un conductor de electricidad - conductor of electricity. It can also mean a driver or a TV or radio presenter.
Conductor of an orchestra is un(a) director(a), and train conductor is un(a) revisor(a).
Conexión vs Connection
Conexión is a physical or logical connection.
Connection when referring to human/emotional connections is una relación.
Conferencia vs Conference
Conferencia can mean conference, meeting, lecture, speech, or phone call.
Conference = una conferencia, una reunión, una asamblea, or un congreso.
Agonía vs Agony
ReplyDeleteAgonía = death throes, dying moments.
Agony refers to terrible physical or mental pain: dolor agudo, angustia.
Alterado vs Altered
Alterado can mean changed or altered as well as angry or upset.
Altered = modificado, cambiado, alterado.
Americano vs American
Americano usually refers to anyone from North or South America.
American = estaounidense (adjective of Estados Unidos - United States)
Aplicar vs Apply
Aplicar means to apply something, like a theory, paint, or sanctions.
Apply = aplicar when it is a transitive verb. As an intransitive verb, it has many translations: apply for a job - solicitar or presentar; to apply oneself to - dirigirse a uno; to apply in the sense of be applicable - ser aplicable or interesar.
Apología vs Apology
Apología refers to defense or a eulogy.
Apology = una disculpa or excusa.
Aprobar vs Approve
Aprobar means to approve (of), consent to, or endorse, as well as to pass a test or class.
Approve = aprobar.
Arena vs Arena
Arena means sand.
Arena = anfiteatro, redondel, plaza.
Argumento vs Argument
Argumento means argument in the sense of reasoning (as in a courtroom).
Argument in the sense of disagreement translates as una discusión, pelea, disputa, or polémica.
Asesino vs Assassin
Asesino can refer to an assassin as well as non-political murderer or killer. It's also an adjective: murderous.
Assassin = asesino.
Asistencia vs Assistance
Asistencia usually means attendance, though it can also mean assistance.
Assistance is most commonly translated by ayuda or auxilio.
Asistir vs Assist
Asistir means to attend.
Assist translates as ayudar.
Atender vs Attend
Atender can mean to attend in Latin America, but in Spain it means to pay attention to, to heed, or to care for.
Attend = asistir.
Autor vs Author
Autor can refer to an author or writer as well as the creator of something (e.g., a painting) or the perpetrator of a crime.
Author nearly indicates a writer: un autor, una autora.
Bachillerato vs Bachelor
Bachillerato is the equivalent of a high school diploma in the US or A-levels in the UK.
Bachelor refers to an unmarried man: un soltero. A bachelor's degree is una licenciatura.
Billón vs Billion
Billón is kind of a semi-false cognate. It indicates a trillion in US, billion in UK.
Billion, as spoken by an American, = mil millones. When a Brit says billion, s/he means billón.
Bizarro vs Bizarre
Bizarro has two categories of meaning: 1) valient, gallant, brave, or 2) generous.
Bizarre means extraño or raro (see raro vs rare, below).
Blanco vs Blank
Blanco is a semi-false cognate. It is usually the Spanish word for the color white but can in some instances be translated by blank: una página blanca - a blank sheet of paper.
Blank is an adjective meaning en blanco, liso, or sin adorno.
Blindar vs Blind
Blindar means to armor-plate or to shield, and its adjective blindado means armor-plated, shielded, or bullet-proof.
Blind = ciego as an adjective, and cegar or deslumbrar as a verb.
Discusión vs Discussion
ReplyDeleteDiscusión can be a simple discussion, but more commonly it refers to something more intense, like a debate, dispute, or argument.
Discussion is equivalent to discusión or deliberaciones.
Equivocado vs Equivocal
Equivocado means wrong.
Equivocal is equívoco or ambiguo.
Nudo vs Nude
Nudo is a noun: knot, node, joint.
Nude is a noun or adjective: desnudo.
Pie vs Pie
Pie = foot.
Pie = pastel.
Tabla vs Table
Tabla can refer to a board, plank, sheet (of metal), table top, or stage.
Table is una mesa.
Absoluto vs Absolute(ly)
Absoluto is a rather interesting word. Alone, it means absolute, utter, complete. When preceded by en, it means not at all, by no means, no way.
Absolute = absoluto. Absolutely = absolutamente, completamente, totalmente.
Actual vs Actual
Actual means current or present: El presidente actual vive en Madrid - The current president lives in Madrid. Actualmente means currently, at present, or now.
Actual means verdadero or efectivo. Actually can be translated by realmente, en realidad, or en efecto.
Advertencia vs Advertisement
Advertencia is a warning, piece of advice, reminder, or preface.
Advertisement = un anuncio.
One of the great things about learning Spanish or English is that many words have the same roots in the Romance languages and English. However, there are also a great many falsos amigos, or false cognates, which look similar but are in fact very different. This is one of the biggest pitfalls for students of Spanish. There are also semi-false cognates: words that can only sometimes be translated by the similar word in the other language.
ReplyDeleteHere are a few links:
ReplyDeletewww.spanish.bz/false-cognates.htm
www.colorincolorado.org/educators/background/cognates
www.angelfire.com/fl/espanglishtips